Red_Herring и другие, кому ещё интересно про сельскохозяйственные земли и пр.
Тот самый доклад,
о котором говорил, я не нашёл, поиск даёт море материалов по теме. Дам несколько интересных ссылок. Сам я просмотрел всё это по диагонали, но кто-нибудь, может быть, захочет углубиться.
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Всемирный банк в докладе
"Rising Global Interest in Farmland":
Цитата:
Highly publicized were the land acquisitions by foreign investors in Africa and Asia, often for speculative purposes, at very low prices, and in ways that appeared to be not conducive to local welfare or inconsistent with basic human rights.
Пример об очень низких ценах дам ниже. А нарушение прав человека --- это когда вооруженные люди сгоняют население с самых плодородных земель. Без жертв не обходится.
Цитата:
Second, while some countries have transferred large areas to investors, the extent to which such land is actually used productively remains limited. Country collaborators had great difficulty identifying operating investments. In many cases, it appeared that investors either lacked the necessary technical qualifications or were interested more in speculative gains than in productive exploitation. Land taxation and the ability to revoke unused concessions, options available according to many countries’ legislation but rarely exercised, should help to avoid such behavior. But gaps in information management imply that taxes are rarely collected. And the shortage of monitoring capacity, together with the fact that those involved are often powerful politically, implies that few concessions have been revoked. Impartial ex ante review of investors’ technical proposals, which could be outsourced if needed, is a more cost-effective way to avoid having large tracts of land held in less than fully productive ways in expectation of speculative gains.
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Что такое land grabbing ---
в Википедии.
Интересный пример:
Цитата:
The South Korean corporation Daewoo was in the process of negotiations with the Malagasy government for the purchase of 1.3 million hectares, half of all agricultural land, to produce corn and palm oil. This investment, while one of many pursued in Madagascar, attracted considerable attention there and led to protests against the government.
Вот самое интересное:
"Daewoo to cultivate Madagascar land for free"Цитата:
Daewoo Logistics of South Korea said it expected to pay nothing to farm maize and palm oil in an area of Madagascar half the size of Belgium, increasing concerns about the largest farmland investment of this kind.
The Indian Ocean island will simply gain employment opportunities from Daewoo’s 99-year lease of 1.3m hectares, officials at the company said. They emphasised that the aim of the investment was to boost Seoul’s food security.
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Доклад некоммерческой организации GRAIN говорит, что маленькие фермы распоряжаются примерно четвертью всех сельскохозяйственных земель в мире, производя большую часть продуктов питания (до 80% в слаборазвитых странах).
В докладе есть все ссылки на источники (официальная статистика по странам, с.-х. переписи, данные FAO), методология и связанные с ней сложности раскрыты.
Несколько примеров:
Цитата:
Brazil:
84% of farms are small and control 24% of the land, yet they produce: 87% of cassava, 69% of beans, 67% of goat milk, 59% of pork, 58% of cow milk, 50% of chickens, 46% of maize, 38% of coffee, 33.8% of rice and 30% of cattle.
Russia:
Small farms have 8.8% of the land, but provide 56% of agricultural output, including: 90% of potatoes, 83% of vegetables, 55% of milk, 39% of meat and 22% of cereals.
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По поводу влияния спекуляций на цены продуктов питания:
Olivier de Schutter, специальный докладчик ООН по правам на питание в докладе
"Food Commodities Speculation and Food Price Crises":
Цитата:
Instead, a number of signs indicate that a significant portion of the price spike was due to the emergence of a speculative bubble. Prices for a number of commodities fluctuated too wildly within such limited time-frames for such price behaviour to have been a result of movements in supply and demand: wheat prices, for instance, rose by 46% between January 10 and February 26, 2008, fell back almost completely by May 19, increased again by 21% until early June, and began falling again from August 20 . The 2008 food price crisis was unique in that it was possibly the first price crisis that occurred in an economic environment characterized by massive amounts of novel forms of speculation in commodity derivative markets.
The particular area of concern is speculation in derivatives based on food commodities. A study conducted by Lehman Brothers just before its bankruptcy revealed that the volume of index fund speculation increased by 1,900% between 2003 and March 2008. Morgan Stanley estimated that the number of outstanding contracts in maize futures increased from 500,000 in 2003 to almost 2.5 million in 2008 . Holdings in commodity index funds ballooned from USD 13 billion in 2003 to USD 317 billion by 2008. In the light of such developments, the UNCTAD Trade and Development Report 2009 found that “the trend towards greater financialisation of commodity trading is likely to have increased the number and relative size of price changes that are unrelated to market fundamentals”. In other words, the changes in food prices reflected not so much movements in the supply and/or demand of food, but were driven to a significant extent by speculation that greatly exceeded the liquidity needs of commodity markets to execute the trades of commodity users, such as food processors and agricultural commodity importers.
In fact, while the food price crisis may have been sparked off the abovementioned developments affecting demand and supply, its effects were exacerbated by excessive and insufficiently regulated speculation in commodity derivatives. The promotion of biofuels and other supply shocks were relatively minor catalysts, but they set off a giant speculative bubble in a strained and desperate global financial environment.
These factors were then blown out of all proportion by large institutional investors who, faced with the drying up of other financial markets, entered commodity futures markets on a massive scale.
Еще интересное:
"Farming money: How European banks and private finance profit from food speculation and land grabs."Вот как-то так.
и отдает их мне. Теперь на моем счету 6500. А у Васи звонит телефон: он должен добавить на свой счет 2000 - это называется margin call. Залог должен быть не менее 4500 умножить на модуль суммарной позиции.
за счет короткой. Итого моя прибыль за день 1000, а всего 3000. Биржа видит, что моя суммарная позиция равна нулю, что и записываeт. Поскольку я закрыл свою позицию, я могу забрать свои 7500. А бедный Вася проиграл 4000.