Тут вроде жаловались на отсутствие дискуссии... Её и не будет, ибо задача не поставлена. Физика не отвечает на вопрос "ЧТО такое время": понятие "время" остаётся одним из первичных, оно не сводится к другим известным понятиям физики (а иначе его бы уже давно свели).
Физика отвечает на вопрос КАК пользоваться понятием "время" В ЗАДАЧАХ - в практических, а иной раз и в фантастических. Словесные "определения времени" сами по себе бесполезны; только через анализ конкретных сюжетов можно составить себе представление о физических понятиях.
А конкретных сюжетов пруд пруди. К примеру, вбиваем слово Time в поисковую систему журналов Physical Review, и получаем
ссылки аж на 70 тыщщщщ статей. Канеш, не все они именно про "Time", но глазу есть за что зацепиться; вот, для примера навскидку скопипастил несколько ссылок (без подписки там дают смотреть лишь аннотацию, а с "мобильной подпиской" статья качается целиком, так что, пойдукось тоже почитаю на сон грядущий чего-нить там интересненького):
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .89.014102Identification of the Keldysh time as a lower limit for the tunneling time
http://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10 ... .72.057601Time reversal invariance and the arrow of time in classical electrodynamics
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .66.044020Time without time: A stochastic clock model
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... RevD.7.359Time Operators, Partial Stationarity, and the Energy-Time Uncertainty Relation
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... tt.64.2965Superpositions of time evolutions of a quantum system and a quantum time-translation machine
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... vA.35.4859Entropy and time(s)
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .90.052712Scattering theory, multiparticle detection, and time
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 113.181101Identification of a Gravitational Arrow of Time
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .90.042107Treating time travel quantum mechanically
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 113.120405Test of Time Dilation Using Stored Li+ Ions as Clocks at Relativistic Speed
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .89.052122Time from quantum entanglement: An experimental illustration
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .89.066011Generalized dualities in one-time physics as holographic predictions from two-time physics
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 111.250402Superfluidity and Space-Time Translation Symmetry Breaking
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .88.124030Phenomenology of space-time imperfection. I. Nonlocal defects
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .88.124031Phenomenology of space-time imperfection. II. Local defects
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .88.043516Arrows of time and the beginning of the universe
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 109.160401Quantum Time Crystals
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 109.160402Classical Time Crystals
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 110.118901Comment on “Quantum Time Crystals”
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 111.070402Impossibility of Spontaneously Rotating Time Crystals: A No-Go Theorem
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .87.053621Diffraction in time: An exactly solvable model
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .87.052128Probabilities for time-dependent properties in classical and quantum mechanics
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .87.085030Emergence of time in power-counting renormalizable Riemannian theory of gravity
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .87.076001Path integral approach to space-time probabilities: A theory without pitfalls but with strict rules
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .86.123509Vacuum structure and the arrow of time
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .86.052121Time-resolved measurement of Bell inequalities and the coincidence loophole
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .86.084011Unruh-DeWitt detector event rate for trajectories with time-dependent acceleration
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .86.044006Mach’s principle selects four space-time dimensions
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .86.012111Time-of-arrival probabilities for general particle detectors
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .85.105026Thermal properties of time machines
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .85.103524Arrows of time in the bouncing universes of the no-boundary quantum state
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 108.200403Time Asymmetry of Probabilities Versus Relativistic Causal Structure: An Arrow of Time
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 108.170402Only Above Barrier Energy Components Contribute to Barrier Traversal Time
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .85.042108Unification of the conditional probability and semiclassical interpretations for the problem of time in quantum theory
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 108.141301Time and a Physical Hamiltonian for Quantum Gravity
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .85.023512Internal time, test clocks, and singularity resolution in dust-filled quantum cosmology
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .84.062117Zeno effect and ergodicity in finite-time quantum measurements
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .84.125016Six-dimensional space-time from quaternionic quantum mechanics
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 107.230403Reconstruction of the Time-Dependent Wave Function Exclusively from Position Data
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .84.022109Quantum arrival and dwell times via idealized clocks
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .84.044047Unimodular loop quantum gravity and the problems of time
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .90.084007The universe as a process of unique events
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... vD.40.2598Time and the interpretation of canonical quantum gravity
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .84.025009Noncommutative time in quantum field theory
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .84.025007Quantum mechanics of time travel through post-selected teleportation
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .83.125023Effective approach to the problem of time: General features and examples
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 106.217003Real-Time Observation of Discrete Andreev Tunneling Events
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10 ... 106.200402Hardy’s Paradox and Violation of a State-Independent Bell Inequality in Time
http://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10 ... .83.042105Testing Hardy’s nonlocality proof with genuine energy-time entanglement
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .83.065020Time evolution of the QED vacuum in a uniform electric field: Complete analytic solution by spinorial decomposition
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .83.044043Extended time-travelling objects in Misner space
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .83.043503Time evolution in quantum cosmology
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .82.124056Billiard ball in the space with a time machine
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .82.064037Gravity, two times, tractors, Weyl invariance, and six-dimensional quantum mechanics
http://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10 ... .82.021701Transition amplitude for two-time physics
... и т. д. ...