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DELTA VECTOR IN ALGEBRAS WITH CONVOLUTION
Delta function is a very often used term. It is a convenient math object for efficient solution of wide spectrum of scientific tasks. But some problems are possible when we use delta function. For example usage of such math object can be a reason of mutually exclusive solutions for the same task and so on.
The main idea of this paper is to find other function that has the delta function's properties. Because this new function is not the delta function so it has to be some limitations for using a new method. For example this new function can has delta function's properties for some limited set of other functions only.
Let
is the Hilbert space and
,
,
are vectors of this space:
We consider vectors in
are real functions of the real argument.
Because
is the Hilbert space so there is an inner product for any two vectors of this space too.
Let we build the convolution with the inner product.
Definition 1. A convolution of two Hilbert space's vectors is a third vector of this space which is calculated by following formula:It is possible to prove the commutativity property of this convolution.
Lemma 1. The convolution of two Hilbert space's vectors has the commutativity property:.
Proving.
Using this substitution:
and
Lemma 1 is proved.
Of course the delta function cannot be a vector of Hilbert space because norm of delta function is infinity. So our target is finding such function that has following very important delta function property:
Definition 2. Delta vector of Hilbert space with the convolution is such vector that has following property: is any vector from
.
Delta vector is defined. Now it is necessary to calculate one.
Theorem 1. If Hilbert Space with orthonormal basis consists a delta vector then this vector can be calculated by formula:Proving. Let
is a vector in
and
is the delta vector of
, so in accordance with definition 2:
Expanding vectors
and
in basis
:
and
are expansion coefficients. In accordance with Parseval's identity it is possible to write:
Expanding vectors
in basis:
So we can write:
Therefore:
and
The theorem is proved.
For the reason of theorem 1 it is possible to deduce two conclusions.
First. The delta vector always exists in finite Hilbert space. Infinite Hilbert space contains this vector if
is convergent series only. For example, Hilbert space of functions that are defined on finite segment
expands in the basis
. It is obvious that the series
is divergent one at point
. So the delta vector is absent in this Hilbert space.
Secondly. Really, the delta vector can be absent in some Hilbert spaces but the interpolating operator
always exists if function
is defined in the point
. Dirac said that delta function can exist under integral sign only. Using a paraphrase we could say that the delta vector can exist under inner product sign.
Proving of some delta vector properties is present below.
Lemma 2. Square of norm (energy) of delta vector equals Proving.
Using this substitution:
Using lemma 1:
Lemma is proved.
This property of delta vector corresponds to intuitive understanding that norm of delta function is infinity:
Discuss the symmetry property of delta vectors.
Lemma 3. For any delta vector, the following expression is truly Firstly we will prove that
for any
.
For formula
we use such substitution
and
According definition 2:
Therefore
According definition 1:
So
Lemma is proved.
If some Hilbert space has a delta vector
then there is a full orthogonal basis
. Below we will discuss this thesis.
Let there is a bijection of functional Hilbert space
with convolution on other functional Hilbert space
. We add a proviso: every vector
corresponds to alone vector
and convolution of any two vectors
,
corresponds to product of two vectors
,
.
Apparently delta vector
has to correspond to vector
on definitional domain of space
(this domain can beset of segments). It is necessary to obey condition
It is easy to show that
Therefore:
corresponds to
;
corresponds to
;
corresponds to
. So we can write:
Finding logarithm:
Differentiating with respect to
:
From derived expression we see that:
-- constant is depended from
.
Therefore:
Apparently that this equation solution is the function
Let discuss the function
. On the assumption of Parseval's identity and lemma 2 we can write following expression:
From this expression and condition
it is possible to find Lebesgue measure for
. This Lebesgue measure is
. Now it is possible to prove a theorem.
Theorem 2. If functional Hilbert space has a delta vector then this space has full orthogonal basis too.Proving. There is a bijection of functional Hilbert space
with convolution on other functional Hilbert space
. This bijection is Fourier transform. In this case convolution of two vectors in
corresponds to product of their spectrums in
. If space
contains delta vector
then according to reasoning that is placed before all vectors in
have finite support. Against norm of
is infinite. Therefore all vectors in
can be not equal zero on the segment with total length
.
Transform space
in the following way: all segments of the axis
where vectors can be not equal zero are been shifted close each other. Total segment (one's length is
) is placed from point
to point
. Thereby all vectors from new space are expanded in the basis Fourier
on the segment
. The basis Fourier
is full basis. As it has been shown before the delta vector
corresponds to
therefore
and
. Because
is a full basis so correspondent vectors
are full basis too.
Theorem is proved.
Now let we will discuss interpolated possibility of the delta vector.
Theorem 3. If functional Hilbert space has a delta vector then any vector in this space can be interpolated with its samples by the following formula: Proving. According to theorem 2
vectors are the orthogonal basis in
. Therefore any vector
can be presented as
Therefore
The theorem is proved.
Introduce an area definition for vectors in
.
Definition 3. is the functional$[/math]
Now we can prove next delta vector's property.
Lemma 4. Delta vector's area is always 1. Proving. According definition 3
Because vectors
and
are orthogonal if
so their inner product is zero. Therefore
The lemma is proved.
Let we present an example of Hilbert space with a delta vector. This space is the set of all functions with finite spectrums that are not zero on segment
only. Of course norms of these functions are limited too. Inner product for any two vectors of this space is the following expression:
According definition 1 and definition 2 it is correct to write:
is any vector of this space.
This expression is a classical convolution of two functions
and
Note: classical Dirac delta function is not a delta vector because one's spectrum is not limited by the segment
so this function is not a vector of the presented space. It is necessary to find delta vector among functions with a finite spectrum.
It is well known that convolution of two functions corresponds to product of their spectrum. Let we find such function
with spectrum
that has following property:
is spectrum of any vector in the presented space.
Apparently that
Only one function has such spectrum:
It is well known that functions
are an orthogonal basis for presented space. For this case:
,
,
. And interpolated theorem 3 for our space has following form:
This is famous Shannon's theorem.