The 74th William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition
Saturday, 7 December 2013A1Recall that a regular icosahedron is a convex polyhedron having 12 vertices and 20 faces; the faces are congruent equilateral triangles. On each face of a regular icosahedron is written a nonnegative integer such that the sum of all
integers is
Show that there are two faces that share a vertex and have the same integer written on them.
A2Let
be the set of all positive integers that are
not perfect squares. For
in
consider choices of integers
such that
and
is a perfect square, and let
be the minimum of
over all such choices. For example,
is a perfect square, while
and
are not, and so
Show that the function
from
to the integers is one-to-one.
A3Suppose that the real numbers
and
with
satisfy
Prove that there exists a real number
with
such that
A4A finite collection of digits
and
is written around a circle. An
arc of length
consists of
consecutive digits around the circle. For each arc
let
and
denote the number of
's in
and the number of
's in
respectively. Assume that
for any two arcs
of the same length. Suppose that some arcs
have the property that
are both integers. Prove that there exists an arc
with
and
A5For
a list of
real numbers
is said to be
area definite for
if the inequality
holds for every choice of
points
in
For example, the list of four number
is area definite for
Prove that if a list of
numbers is area definite for
then it is area definite for
A6Define a function
as follows. For
let
be as in the table shown; otherwise, let
For every finite subset
of
define
Prove that if
is any finite nonempty subset of
then
(For example, if
then the terms in
are
)
B1For positive integers
let the numbers
be determined by the rules
and
Find the value of
B2Let
where
denotes the set of `cosine polynomials' of the form
for which:
(i)
for all real
and
(ii)
whenever
is a multiple of
Determine the maximum value of
as
ranges through
and prove that this maximum is attained.
B3Let
be a nonempty collections of subsets of
such that:
(i) if
then
and
and
(ii) if
and
then there is a subset
such that
and
contains exactly one fewer element than
Suppose that
is a function such that
and
Must there exist real numbers
such that
for every
B4For any continuous real-valued function
defined on the interval
let
Show that if
and
are continuous real-valued functions defined on the interval
then
B5Let
and let
Show that there are exactly
functions
such that for every
there is a
such that
[Here
denotes the
th iterate of
so that
and
]
B6Let
be an odd integer. Alice and Bob play the following game, taking alternating turns, with Alice playing first. The playing area consists of
spaces, arranged in a line. At each turn, a player either
places a stone in an empty space, or
removes a stone from a nonempty space
places a stone in the nearest empty space to the left of
(if such a space exists), and places a stone in the nearest empty space to the right of
(if such a space exists).
Furthermore, a move is permitted only if the resulting position has not occurred previously in the game. A player loses if he or she is unable to move. Assuming that both players play optimally throughout the game, what moves may Alice make on her first turn?
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